http://biopolicywiki.org/api.php?action=feedcontributions&user=Jreynolds&feedformat=atom 2020-09-29T18:12:32Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.21.2 http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Qatar 2009-11-05T23:28:00Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Qatar<br /> |image_flag=Qatar_flag.gif<br /> |Region=Asia<br /> |Population=907,229<br /> |GDP=67,763<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=?<br /> |Eggs for research=?<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=?<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Sex selection=?<br /> |Surrogacy=?<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Prohibited practices=All forms of cloning are prohibited.<ref name="peninsula">Mariam Omar Fadul,"[http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com/Display_news.asp?section=Local_News&subsection=Qatar+News&month=October2009&file=Local_News20091028774.xml Laws on cloning]," ''The Peninsula'' (October 28, 2009)</ref><br /> }}<br /> <REFERENCES/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Israel 2009-11-05T23:27:43Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Israel<br /> |image_flag=Israel-flag.jpg<br /> |Region=Asia<br /> |Population=7,282,000<br /> |GDP=161,935<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited<br /> |Eggs for research=commercial prohibited<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=no policy<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=permitted<br /> |Sex selection=social uses prohibited<br /> |Surrogacy=commercial prohibited<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Key laws and policies=* [http://bioethics.academy.ac.il/english/documents/bioethics_law.pdf Prohibition of Genetic Intervention (Human Cloning and Genetic Manipulation of Reproductive Cells) Law] 5759-1999 (renewed 2004)<br /> * National Health Regulations on IVF, 1987<ref name=ki> Bartha M. Knoppers and Rosario M. Isasi, "[http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/19/12/2695 Regulatory approaches to reproductive genetic testing]," ''Human Reproduction'' (Vol. 19 No. 12, 2004)</ref><br /> <br /> * Surrogacy Agreements Law No. 5756 (1996)<ref name=ki/><br /> |Prohibited practices=The bans on reproductive cloning and inheritable genetic modification in Prohibition of Genetic Intervention expired on March 1, 2009. The reproductive cloning portion was extended until May 2016.<ref name="JPost">Judy Siegel-Itzkovich, "[http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1255450644033&pagename=JPArticle%2FShowFull Anti-cloning law renewed for 7 years]," ''The Jerusalem Post'' (October 13th, 2009)</ref><br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=Research cloning is permitted, under guidelines.<ref name=hfea> Human Fertility and Embryology Authority (UK), "[http://www.hfea.gov.uk/en/1579.html Hybrids and Chimeras: Findings of the Consultation, Annex C – International Perspective]" (September 5, 2007)</ref><br /> <br /> Sex selection and PGD are limited to medical purposes through guidelines established by the National Bioethics Council of Israel. Social sex selection may be authorized when "there is a real danger of substantial harm to the mental health of the parents or parent, or of the child destined to be born, if the desired procedure is not performed." Israeli parents who have at least four children of the same sex and want one of the other sex can now apply to a health ministry committee for approval of preimplantation genetic diagnosis at their own expense.<ref name=wa>Western Australia Reproductive Technology Council, "[http://www.rtc.org.au/reports/docs/AR2005.pdf Annual Report 2004-2005]"</ref><br /> <br /> Surrogacy is tightly regulated. Cases must be approved on an individual basis, and commercial surrogacy is prohibited. However, reimbursement for costs (including lost income) are permitted.<ref name=Benshushan>Abraham Benshushan and Joseph G.Schenker, "[http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/12/8/1832.pdf Legitimizing surrogacy in Israel]," ''Human Reproduction'' (Vol. 12 No. 8, August 1997)</ref><br /> <br /> Egg donation is limited to women already undergoing assisted reproduction procedures, and personal compensation is prohibited, though there are reports of clinics providing services in trade.<ref name=HR>D. Rabinerson et al., "[http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/17/5/1404 Subsidised oocyte donation in Israel (1998–2000): results, costs and lessons]," ''Human Reproduction'' (Vol. 17 No. 5 May 2002)</ref><br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Sandbox 2009-11-05T00:56:20Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>[[Image:Fertilization2.jpg]]<br /> testing<br /> {{Infobox Country<br /> |name = Foobar<br /> }}<br /> <ref>a reference</ref><br /> end<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=File:Fertilization2.jpg 2009-11-05T00:55:52Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Summary_of_international_agreements 2009-06-24T18:37:12Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>The Table shows the current status in all countries of the highlighted intergovernmental agreements. It also shows how each country voted on the 2005 UN Human Cloning Declaration. <br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> {{Key agreements<br /> |Key = TRUE<br /> |N/A = TRUE}}<br /> {{Key vote<br /> |Header = TRUE}}<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]]<br /> | ?Population <br /> | ?1997 COE Biomedicine Convention<br /> | ?1998 COE Cloning Convention <br /> | ?2005 UN Cloning Vote<br /> | ?2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention<br /> | ?Treaty of Lisbon=2007 Treaty of Lisbon<br /> | limit = 200}}<br /> </DIV></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Summary_of_national_policies 2009-06-24T18:37:08Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>The Table shows the laws and policies currently in effect in all countries regarding the highlighted practices and technologies.<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Regulated = TRUE<br /> |Commercial prohibited = TRUE<br /> |Commercial allowed = TRUE<br /> |Unrecognized = TRUE<br /> |Social prohibited = TRUE }}<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]]<br /> | ?Population <br /> | ?Eggs for assisted reproduction<br /> | ?Eggs for research<br /> | ?Inheritable genetic modification<br /> | ?Preimplantation genetic diagnosis<br /> | ?Reproductive cloning <br /> | ?Research cloning <br /> | ?Sex selection<br /> | ?Surrogacy<br /> | limit = 250<br /> }}<br /> </DIV></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=United_Nations_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization 2009-06-24T18:36:34Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>The United Nations Educational, Social and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations working to promote international collaboration through education, science, and culture. <br /> <br /> In 1993 UNESCO established a Bioethics Programme within its Division of the Ethics of Science and Technology. The Programme is led by the International Bioethics Committee (IBC), consisting of 36 outside experts, and the Intergovernmental Bioethics Committee (IGBC), consisting of representatives from 36 member states. <br /> <br /> UNESCO has adopted a number of non-binding declarations addressing bioethics issues. In 2007 it took the lead in negotiating the International Convention Against Doping in Sports, now open for ratification. The Convention includes language banning the use of genetic technology to enhance athletic performance in official athletic events (“Gene-Doping”). <br /> <br /> == The UNESCO Declarations ==<br /> <br /> The Bioethics Programme has sponsored three major nonbinding international agreements: <br /> <br /> # The ''Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights'' was adopted unanimously by the UNESCO General Conference in 1997 and ratified by the UN General Assembly in 1998. The Declaration calls for member states to undertake specific actions, such as the prohibition of "practices which are contrary to human dignity, such as reproductive cloning of human beings." It also calls on the IBC to study "practices that could be contrary to human dignity, such as germline interventions."<br /> # The ''International Declaration on Human Genetic Data'' was adopted in 2003. The declaration is intended “to ensure the respect of human dignity and protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the collection, processing, use and storage of human genetic and proteomic data, and of the biological samples from which they are derived, in keeping with the requirements of equality, justice and solidarity, while giving due consideration to freedom of thought and expression, including freedom of research.” <br /> # The ''Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights'' was adopted in 2005. Using a human rights framework, the Declaration established normative principles in fifteen areas, including human dignity and human rights; equality, justice and equity; and protecting future generations. These principles cover a wider range of issues than the previous two bioethics Declarations. <br /> <br /> == The International Convention Against Doping in Sports ==<br /> <br /> In 1999 the World Olympic Committee established the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) to address the unauthorized use of steroids, drugs and other biological materials by athletes. In 2003 WADA issued the first World Anti-Doping Code, including a list of banned substances. In 2006 WADA added a provision prohibiting gene-doping. <br /> <br /> In 2005 WADA and UNESCO prepared the International Convention Against Doping in Sports, which incorporates the World Anti-Doping Code. Upon ratification by national governments the provisions of the Convention are binding. <br /> <br /> == Offsite links == <br /> <br /> * [http://www.unesco.org/ UNESCO]<br /> * [http://www.unesco.org/shs/bioethics UNESCO Bioethics Programme]<br /> * [http://portal.unesco.org/shs/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1881&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights]<br /> * [http://portal.unesco.org/shs/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1882&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html International Declaration on Human Genetic Data]<br /> * [http://portal.unesco.org/shs/en/ev.php-URL_ID=1883&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html Universal Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights]<br /> * [http://www.wada-ama.org/en/ World Anti-Doping Agency]<br /> * [http://www.wada-ama.org/rtecontent/document/code_v3.pdf World Anti-Doping Code (PDF)]<br /> * [http://portal.unesco.org/en/ev.php-URL_ID=31037&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html International Convention Against Doping in Sport]<br /> <br /> {{Table agreements | description = the status of the 2005 International Convention Against Doping in Sports for each member state}}<br /> <br /> {{Key agreements<br /> |Key = TRUE }}<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] | ?Region | ?Population| ?2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention | limit = 250}}<br /> </DIV><br /> <br /> [[Category:Intergovernmental organization]]</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=United_Nations 2009-06-24T18:36:27Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>The United Nations is the world’s foremost international organization. In 2001 France and Germany proposed a binding UN treaty calling for a prohibition on human reproductive cloning, and an early procedural vote suggested unanimous support for this. Subsequently, a significant number of countries expressed opposition to banning reproductive cloning without simultaneously banning research cloning. This led to extended controversy, and the debate became, essentially, a debate over the acceptability of research cloning. By 2003 it became clear that a consensus concerning this topic could not be achieved. In 2005 a non-binding Declaration implying opposition to research cloning was brought to a vote. It received a plurality of votes (46%), which under UN rules makes it the official UN position. But the fact that the Declaration was non-binding, and that 36% of UN member countries abstained or were absent from the vote, reduces its significance. <br /> <br /> == Offsite links ==<br /> <br /> * [http://www.un.org/law/cloning/ United Nations Declaration on Human Cloning]<br /> * [http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=338 The United Nations Human Cloning Treaty Debate, 2000-2005]<br /> * George J. Annas, Lori B. Andrews, Rosario M. Isasi, "[http://geneticsandsociety.org/downloads/2002_ajlm_annasetal.pdf Protecting the Endangered Human: Toward an International Treaty Prohibiting Cloning and Inheritable Alterations]," ''American Journal of Law and Medicine'' v. 28 (2002): 151-178<br /> <br /> {{Table agreements | description = how each member state voted on the motion to approve the 2005 Declaration on Human Cloning }}<br /> <br /> {{Key vote<br /> |Key = TRUE }}<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] | ?Region | ?Population| ?Property:2005 UN Cloning Vote | limit = 200}}<br /> </DIV><br /> <br /> [[Category:Intergovernmental organization]]</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development 2009-06-24T18:36:24Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is an intergovernmental organisation of thirty countries that accept the principles of representative democracy and free market economy. It provides a forum in which governments can share policy experiences, identify good practices, and coordinate domestic and international policies addressing economic, environmental and social issues. According to Wikipedia, it is a forum 'where peer pressure can act as a powerful incentive to improve policy and implement 'soft law' — non-binding instruments that can occasionally lead to binding treaties." Discussions at the OECD on taxation and transfer pricing, for example, have paved the way for bilateral tax treaties around the world.<br /> <br /> == Offsite links ==<br /> <br /> * [http://www.oecd.org Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Regulated = TRUE<br /> |Commercial prohibited = TRUE<br /> |Commercial allowed = TRUE<br /> |Permitted = TRUE<br /> |Unrecognized = TRUE<br /> |Social prohibited = TRUE }}<br /> <br /> {{Table practices| description = the laws and policies currently in effect in OECD countries regarding the highlighted practices and technologies}}<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development::Member]]<br /> | ?Population <br /> | ?GDP<br /> | ?Eggs for assisted reproduction<br /> | ?Eggs for research<br /> | ?Inheritable genetic modification<br /> | ?Preimplantation genetic diagnosis<br /> | ?Reproductive cloning <br /> | ?Research cloning <br /> | ?Sex selection<br /> | ?Surrogacy<br /> | limit = 250<br /> }}<br /> </DIV><br /> <br /> [[Category:Intergovernmental organization]]</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=European_Union 2009-06-24T18:36:14Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>The European Union is an international organization of 27 member states. The EU and its constituent bodies play a major and growing role in European policy integration. <br /> <br /> In 2007 the EU prepared the Treaty of Lisbon, which establishes a new legal basis for its activities and expands its powers and authority. The Treaty is expected to be ratified by all member states by the end of 2008 and enter into force in 2009. <br /> <br /> The Lisbon Treaty incorporates the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, whose Article 3, entitled “Rights to the Integrity of the Person,” prohibits human reproductive cloning, “eugenic practices, in particular those aiming at the selection of persons,” and “making the human body and its parts as such a source of financial gain.” <br /> <br /> The rejection of the Treaty by Irish voters in 2008 causes the future of the treaty, and the incorporation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, to be in doubt.<br /> <br /> == Offsite links ==<br /> <br /> * [http://europa.eu/ European Union]<br /> * [http://europa.eu/lisbon_treaty/index_en.htm Treaty of Lisbon]<br /> * [http://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/default_en.htm Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]<br /> <br /> {{Table agreements | description = the status of the 2007 Treaty of Lisbon for each member state}}<br /> <br /> {{Key agreements<br /> |Key = TRUE }} <br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] [[European Union::Member]] | ?Population |?Treaty of Lisbon=2007 Treaty of Lisbon }}<br /> </DIV> <br /> <br /> [[Category:Intergovernmental organization]]</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Council_of_Europe 2009-06-24T18:36:10Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>The Council of Europe is an international organization of 47 member countries working to foster democracy and human rights. The Council maintains a Bioethics Division within its Legal Affairs field, guided by a Steering Committee on Bioethics.<br /> <br /> The Council’s Convention on Biomedicine and Human Rights was opened for signatures in 1997 and went into force in 1998. It explicitly prohibits inheritable genetic modification, somatic genetic modification for enhancement purposes, social sex selection, and the creation of human embryos solely for research purposes. <br /> <br /> Human reproductive cloning was banned by an Additional Protocol on the Prohibition of Cloning Human Beings. It was opened for signatures in 1998 and went into force that same year. <br /> <br /> == Offsite links == <br /> * [http://www.coe.int/ The Council of Europe]<br /> * [http://www.coe.int/bioethics Council of Europe Bioethics Division]<br /> * [http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/treaties/html/164.htm Convention on Biomedicine and Human Rights]<br /> * [http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/EN/Treaties/Html/168.htm Additional Protocol on the Cloning of Human Beings]<br /> <br /> {{Table agreements | description = the status of the 1997 Biomedicine Convention and the 1998 Additional Protocol on Human Cloning for each member state}}<br /> <br /> {{Key agreements<br /> |signed= TRUE<br /> |Key = TRUE }} <br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] [[Council of Europe::Member]] |?Population| ?1997 COE Biomedicine Convention |?1998 COE Cloning Convention }}<br /> </DIV><br /> <br /> [[Category:Intergovernmental organization]]</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Surrogacy 2009-06-24T18:30:54Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>Surrogacy is the process through which a women carries to term a child conceived with the egg of another woman. It is most often used to allow women who are unable to carry a child, but whose eggs are viable, to have a genetically-related child. Many surrogacies involve no financial considerations between the parties involved. In other cases there may be an agreement to compensate the surrogate for expenses and, perhaps, lost wages, involved while carrying the child. In still other surrogacies compensation may be agreed to that is more than compensatory. <br /> <br /> Some countries prohibit all surrogacy arrangements. In other countries the practice is allowed, but compensation is limited to expenses, and perhaps lost wages. Still other countries have no regulations and market-like conditions prevail. <br /> <br /> {{Table practices<br /> | description = surrogacy }}<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Commercial prohibited = TRUE<br /> |Permitted = TRUE<br /> |Commercial allowed = TRUE<br /> |Unrecognized = TRUE<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] | ?Region | ? Surrogacy| limit=200}}<br /> </DIV><br /> <br /> [[Category:Practices]]</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Research_cloning 2009-06-24T18:30:44Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>Research cloning involves the creation of clonal human embryos for biomedical research rather than for the creation of clonal human beings. The creation of clonal human embryos would allow the derivation of genetically specific embryonic stem cells that could be useful in drug testing and perhaps in the creation of therapeutically useful tissues. <br /> The creation of clonal embryos involves the process know as somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), in which the nucleus of a (diploid) somatic cell is inserted into an egg cell from which the (haploid) nucleus has been removed. The resulting clonal embryo is induced to begin dividing with chemicals or electricity. <br /> Research cloning is controversial because it poses health risks to women who provide the necessary eggs, because the high demand for such eggs could lead to exploitation, and because the successful creation of viable clonal embryos would make reproductive cloning more feasible. <br /> Some countries prohibit research cloning. Others allow it but regulate the practice carefully. Still other countries have no national policies addressing research cloning but do have such policies at provincial levels. And many countries have no official policies at all. <br /> <br /> {{Table practices<br /> | description = research cloning }}<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Regulated = TRUE<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] | ?Region | ?Research cloning| limit=200}}<br /> </DIV><br /> <br /> [[Category:Practices]]</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Reproductive_cloning 2009-06-24T18:30:40Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>Reproductive cloning is the production of a genetic duplicate of an existing or dead organism. A human clone would be a genetic copy of an existing or dead person. The procedure involves creation of a clonal zygote by inserting the nucleus of a (diploid) somatic cell into an egg cell from which the (haploid) nucleus has been removed. This process is called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). With appropriate electrical and chemical stimulation, the clonal zygote will begin to differentiate, and if implanted in a women’s uterus could come to term. Although reproductive cloning of laboratory animals is now a common, it has proven difficult to create viable clonal human zygotes. Experiments with primates may suggest ways this difficulty might be overcome. Scientists, public officials and the general public have expressed strong opposition to human reproductive cloning, and many governmental and international bodies have adopted legislation banning this practice. <br /> <br /> {{Table practices<br /> | description = human reproductive cloning }}<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Regulated = TRUE }}<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] | ?Region | ?Reproductive cloning| limit=200}}<br /> </DIV><br /> <br /> [[Category:Practices]]</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Preimplantation_genetic_diagnosis 2009-06-24T18:30:33Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a procedure allowing embryos created through in vitro fertilization to be tested for the presence or absence of particular genes, so that embryos with preferred genes can be used to initiate a pregnancy. <br /> PGD was developed to allow couples at risk of passing on a serious genetic disease to have children free of the disease. Since its introduction in 1990, it has been most widely used to prevent the birth of children with conditions such as Down's syndrome, Tay-Sachs disease, cystic fibrosis, sickle cell, and Huntington's chorea. <br /> <br /> However, PGD can be used to select for non-disease, or “social,” conditions as well. Some people have chosen the sex of their child through use of PGD. It is currently difficult to apply PGD to most traits which depend on more that one gene or chromosome, but new technologies could make this easier. <br /> <br /> Some countries prohibit all use of PGD. Others allow it but restrict it to non-social conditions. Many countries have no national-level laws or policies addressing PGD, and in some of these PGD is available for non-social use, most typically for sex-selection. <br /> <br /> {{Table practices<br /> | description = the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis }}<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Social prohibited = TRUE<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] | ?Region | ?Preimplantation genetic diagnosis | limit=200}}<br /> </DIV><br /> <br /> [[Category:Practices]]</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Inheritable_genetic_modification 2009-06-24T18:30:26Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>Inheritable genetic modification (IGM) means modifying the genes passed on to future generations. Although it is commonly used in experimentation with animals, IGM has not been attempted with humans. It would allow the creation and transmission of novel phenotypic traits, and would be by far the most consequential type of human genetic modification. <br /> <br /> Many countries have adopted policies prohibiting IGM. Many more, however, have no policies in place addressing this practice. <br /> <br /> <!--== Offsite Links ==<br /> <br /> [[Key Documents and Background Materials]].--><br /> <br /> {{Table practices<br /> | description = the use of inheritable genetic modification}}<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Regulated = TRUE }}<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] | ?Region | ?Inheritable genetic modification |limit=200}}<br /> </DIV><br /> <br /> [[Category:Practices]]</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Eggs_for_research 2009-06-24T18:30:18Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>Women’s eggs have been regularly used for scientific research since at least the 1960’s, when in vitro fertilization and other assisted reproduction techniques were being developed. The use of women’s eggs for research increased dramatically over the past decade as a consequence of the growing interest in embryonic stem cell research. <br /> <br /> Some countries prohibit the use of women’s eggs for research. Others allow such use but prohibit payment for these eggs beyond reasonable compensation for expenses. Other countries have no laws or policies addressing either the use of women’s eggs or the level of compensation that is permitted. <br /> <br /> {{Table practices<br /> | description = the use of women’s eggs for scientific research }}<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Commercial prohibited = TRUE<br /> |Permitted = TRUE<br /> |Commercial allowed = TRUE<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] | ?Region | ?Eggs for research | limit=200 }}<br /> </DIV><br /> <br /> [[Category:Practices]]</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Eggs_for_assisted_reproduction 2009-06-24T18:30:10Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>The first “test-tube baby” was born in England in 1978, and since that time this and other assisted reproductive techniques have become widespread throughout the world. Some countries prohibit all or most assisted reproduction practices, notably those that involve the creation and destruction of human embryos. Other countries permit and regulate these practices, but prohibit payment for women’s eggs used in the procedure beyond reimbursement for specified reasonable costs. At the present time no countries explicitly sanction the commercial sale of eggs for assisted reproduction, although in some countries the lack of regulatory oversight has allowed this practice to flourish. <br /> <br /> <!-- == Offsite links == <br /> <br /> [[Eggs for Assisted Reproduction: Key Documents]]--><br /> <br /> {{Table practices<br /> | description = the use of women’s eggs for assisted reproduction purposes }}<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Commercial prohibited = TRUE<br /> |Permitted = TRUE<br /> |Commercial allowed = TRUE<br /> }}<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] | ?Region | ?Population | ? Eggs for assisted reproduction | limit=200 }}<br /> </DIV><br /> <br /> [[Category:Practices]]</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Key_practices 2009-06-24T18:28:33Z

<p>Jreynolds: Undo revision 2971 by Jreynolds (Talk)</p> <hr /> <div>=== Key ===<br /> <br /> {{#if:{{{Header|}}}|==== Practices and technologies ====|}}<br /> * ''PROHIBITED'': This practice is prohibited by national law or policies having the force of law.{{#if:{{{Regulated|}}}|* ''regulated'': This practice is allowed and regulated by national law or policies having the force of law.<br /> * ''permitted'': This practice is allowed by national law or policies having the force of law, but is not regulated.|}}{{#if:{{{Social prohibited|}}}|* ''allowed'': This practice is allowed by national law or policies having the force of law, but social uses are not prohibited.<br /> * ''social uses prohibited'': Social (or nonmedical) use of this practice is prohibited by national law or policies having the force of law.|}}{{#if:{{{Commercial prohibited|}}}|* ''commercial prohibited'': Commercial use of this practice is prohibited by national law or policies having the force of law, but non-commercial use is allowed.|}}{{#if:{{{Commercial allowed|}}}|* ''commercial allowed'': Commercial use of this practice is allowed by national law or policies having the force of law.|}}{{#if:{{{Permitted|}}}|* ''permitted'': This practice is allowed by national law or policies having the force of law, but policies concerning compensation are unknown.|}}{{#if:{{{Unrecognized|}}}|* ''unrecognized'': Surrogacy contracts are explicitly unrecognized by national law or by other mechanism which carries the force of law.|}}<br /> * ''no policy'': This practice is not addressed by national law or policies having the force of law.<br /> * ''?'': It is unknown whether this practice is addressed by national law or policies having the force of law.<br /> <br /> <br /> ''Note'': The categories defined in the key and used in the table characterize the polices in any given country in a broad manner. Consult the page for each country for more detailed accounts of current policies.<br><br /> &nbsp;</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Table_practices 2009-06-24T18:25:23Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>== Table: National policies ==<br /> <br /> The Table shows policies currently in effect regarding {{{description}}}.</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Asia 2009-06-24T18:18:46Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>== Table: Practices and technologies, international agreements, UN cloning vote ==<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Header = TRUE<br /> |Regulated = TRUE<br /> |Permitted= TRUE<br /> |Commercial prohibited = TRUE<br /> |Commercial allowed = TRUE<br /> |Unrecognized = TRUE<br /> |Social prohibited = TRUE }}<br /> <br /> {{Key agreements<br /> |Header = TRUE}}<br /> {{Key vote<br /> |Header = TRUE}}<br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] [[Region::Asia]] <br /> | ?Population <br /> | ?Eggs for assisted reproduction<br /> | ?Eggs for research<br /> | ?Inheritable genetic modification<br /> | ?Preimplantation genetic diagnosis<br /> | ?Reproductive cloning <br /> | ?Research cloning <br /> | ?Sex selection<br /> | ?Surrogacy<br /> | ?2005 UN Cloning Vote<br /> | ?2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention}}<br /> </DIV><br /> __NOTOC__</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Oceania 2009-06-24T18:18:41Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>== Table: Practices and technologies, international agreements, UN cloning vote ==<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Header = TRUE<br /> |Regulated = TRUE<br /> |Permitted= TRUE<br /> |Commercial prohibited = TRUE<br /> |Commercial allowed = TRUE<br /> |Unrecognized = TRUE<br /> |Social prohibited = TRUE }}<br /> <br /> {{Key agreements<br /> |Header = TRUE}}<br /> {{Key vote<br /> |Header = TRUE}}<br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] [[Region::Oceania]] <br /> | ?Population <br /> | ?Eggs for assisted reproduction<br /> | ?Eggs for research<br /> | ?Inheritable genetic modification<br /> | ?Preimplantation genetic diagnosis<br /> | ?Reproductive cloning <br /> | ?Research cloning <br /> | ?Sex selection<br /> | ?Surrogacy<br /> | ?2005 UN Cloning Vote<br /> | ?2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention}}<br /> </DIV><br /> __NOTOC__</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Northern_America 2009-06-24T18:18:22Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>== Table: Practices and technologies, international agreements, UN cloning vote ==<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Header = TRUE<br /> |Regulated = TRUE<br /> |Permitted= TRUE<br /> |Commercial prohibited = TRUE<br /> |Commercial allowed = TRUE<br /> |Unrecognized = TRUE<br /> |Social prohibited = TRUE }}<br /> <br /> {{Key agreements<br /> |Header = TRUE}}<br /> {{Key vote<br /> |Header = TRUE}}<br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] [[Region::Northern America]] <br /> | ?Population <br /> | ?Eggs for assisted reproduction<br /> | ?Eggs for research<br /> | ?Inheritable genetic modification<br /> | ?Preimplantation genetic diagnosis<br /> | ?Reproductive cloning <br /> | ?Research cloning <br /> | ?Sex selection<br /> | ?Surrogacy<br /> | ?2005 UN Cloning Vote<br /> | ?2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention}}<br /> </DIV><br /> __NOTOC__</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Latin_America 2009-06-24T18:18:06Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>== Table: Practices and technologies, international agreements, UN cloning vote ==<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Header = TRUE<br /> |Regulated = TRUE<br /> |Permitted= TRUE<br /> |Commercial prohibited = TRUE<br /> |Commercial allowed = TRUE<br /> |Unrecognized = TRUE<br /> |Social prohibited = TRUE }}<br /> <br /> {{Key agreements<br /> |Header = TRUE}}<br /> {{Key vote<br /> |Header = TRUE}}<br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] [[Region::Latin America]] <br /> | ?Population <br /> | ?Eggs for assisted reproduction<br /> | ?Eggs for research<br /> | ?Inheritable genetic modification<br /> | ?Preimplantation genetic diagnosis<br /> | ?Reproductive cloning <br /> | ?Research cloning <br /> | ?Sex selection<br /> | ?Surrogacy<br /> | ?2005 UN Cloning Vote<br /> | ?2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention}}<br /> </DIV><br /> __NOTOC__</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Europe 2009-06-24T18:17:50Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>== Table 1: Practices and technologies ==<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Regulated = TRUE<br /> |Commercial prohibited = TRUE<br /> |Permitted= TRUE<br /> |Commercial allowed = TRUE<br /> |Unrecognized = TRUE<br /> |Social prohibited = TRUE }}<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] [[Region::Europe]] <br /> | ?Population <br /> | ?Eggs for assisted reproduction<br /> | ?Eggs for research<br /> | ?Inheritable genetic modification<br /> | ?Preimplantation genetic diagnosis<br /> | ?Reproductive cloning <br /> | ?Research cloning <br /> | ?Sex selection<br /> | ?Surrogacy<br /> }}<br /> </DIV><br /> <br /> == Table 2: International agreements, UN cloning vote ==<br /> <br /> {{Key agreements<br /> | Key = TRUE<br /> | N/A = TRUE}}<br /> {{Key vote}}<br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] [[Region::Europe]] <br /> | ?Population <br /> | ?1997 COE Biomedicine Convention<br /> | ?1998 COE Cloning Convention <br /> | ?2005 UN Cloning Vote<br /> | ?2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention<br /> | ?Treaty of Lisbon=2007 Treaty of Lisbon}}<br /> </DIV><br /> __NOTOC__</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Africa 2009-06-24T18:14:49Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>== Table: Practices and technologies, international agreements, UN cloning vote ==<br /> <br /> {{Key practices<br /> |Header = TRUE<br /> |Regulated = TRUE<br /> |Permitted= TRUE<br /> |Commercial prohibited = TRUE<br /> |Commercial allowed = TRUE<br /> |Unrecognized = TRUE<br /> |Social prohibited = TRUE }}<br /> <br /> {{Key agreements<br /> |Header = TRUE}}<br /> {{Key vote<br /> |Header = TRUE}}<br /> {{Sort blurb}}<br /> <br /> <br /> <DIV STYLE="font-size: 85%;"><br /> {{#ask: [[Category:Country|Country]] [[Region::Africa]] <br /> | ?Population <br /> | ?Eggs for assisted reproduction<br /> | ?Eggs for research<br /> | ?Inheritable genetic modification<br /> | ?Preimplantation genetic diagnosis<br /> | ?Reproductive cloning <br /> | ?Research cloning <br /> | ?Sex selection<br /> | ?Surrogacy<br /> | ?2005 UN Cloning Vote<br /> | ?2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention<br /> | limit = 100}}<br /> <br /> </DIV><br /> __NOTOC__</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Ukraine 2009-05-22T18:59:01Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Ukraine<br /> |image_flag=Ukraine.jpg<br /> |Region=Europe<br /> |Population=46,372,700<br /> |GDP=140,484<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=?<br /> |Eggs for research=?<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=?<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=?<br /> |Sex selection=?<br /> |Surrogacy=commercial allowed<br /> |Council of Europe=Member<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Key laws and policies=* Ban on Human Reproductive Cloning Act (passed by Parliament December 14, 2004, in force January 11, 2005).<ref>World Health Organization, [http://www.who.int/idhl-rils/results.cfm?language=english&type=ByTopic&strTopicCode=XIA&strRefCode=Ukr International Digest Of Health Legislation]</ref><br /> * Family Code of Ukraine, Article 123.2<br /> |Prohibited practices=The Ban on Human Reproductive Cloning prohibits reproductive cloning but cloning for research purposes is not included<ref>Global Lawyers and Physicians for Human Rights, [http://www.glphr.org/genetic/europe2-7.htm Database of Global Policies on Human Cloning and Germ-line engineering] (Last updated February 7, 2005)</ref><br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=Surrogacy is allowed, and this appears to include commercial surrogacy.<ref name=ESHRE>Fedir Dakhno and Valery Zukin, [http://www.eshre.com/ESHRE/English/Legal-Matters-and-Guidelines/Legal-documentation/Ukraine/page.aspx/576 Ukrainian legislation], prepared for the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology (2009)</ref><br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=China 2009-05-22T18:25:29Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=China<br /> |image_flag=China-flag.gif<br /> |Region=Asia<br /> |Population=1,321,851,888<br /> |GDP=3,250,827<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited<br /> |Eggs for research=commercial prohibited<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=?<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=regulated<br /> |Sex selection=social uses prohibited<br /> |Surrogacy=PROHIBITED<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=no<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Key laws and policies=* [http://www.chinaphs.org/bioethics/regulations_&_laws.htm Ethical Guidelines on Human Embryonic Stem Cell] (January 2004)<br /> * Measures on the Regulation of Human Supplemental Reproduction Technologies, Ministry of Health Order No. 14 (2001)<br /> * Human Reproductive Technology Ordinance, Section 15 (June 2000)<br /> |Prohibited practices=Reproductive cloning is prohibited by the Ethical Guidelines on Human Embryonic Stem Cell and the Regulation on Human Assisted Reproductive Technologies.<ref name="gppc">Genetics and Public Policy Center, "[http://www.dnapolicy.org/policy.international.php?action=detail&laws_id=23 Human Reproductive Technology Ordinance (China)]"</ref> <br /> <br /> Research cloning is specifically allowed.<ref name=cd>Jia Hepend, "[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-03/31/content_429816.htm China supports therapeutic cloning]," ''China Daily'', March 31, 2005</ref><br /> <br /> Sex selection is prohibited<ref name="gppc2">Genetics and Public Policy Center, "[http://www.dnapolicy.org/policy.international.php?action=detail&laws_id=19 Reproductive Genetic Testing (China)]"</ref> but a wide imbalance in the sex ratio at birth, especially in certain affluent provinces, demonstrates that it occurs.<ref name=bmj>Ted Plafker, "[http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/324/7348/1233/a Sex selection in China sees 117 boys born for every 100 girls]," ''BMJ'' 2002;324:1233 (25 May)</ref> Wealthy Chinese are reported to travel to the US and elsewhere to evade restrictions on the use of PGD.<ref name=ap>"[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2006-06/15/content_617607.htm Wealthy go to US to choose baby's sex]," AP, June 15, 2006</ref><br /> <br /> Surrogacy is prohibited.<ref name="cook">Rachel Cook, Shelley Day Sclater, and Felicity Kaganas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FOyyRd9IM74C&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=china+surrogacy+law+OR+policy&source=web&ots=vNCibMRGt2&sig=bD5ZlVsF7HindsRctDSH9LA1ZZQ&hl=en Surrogate Motherhood: International Perspectives]'', Hart Publishing (2003) p. 2</ref> However, some surrogacy - including commercial surrogacy - occurs.<ref name=points>Kari Points, "Strategies for Protecting the Health and Human Rights of Surrogates in India: A Multicountry Legislative Analysis," Master's Thesis, The Sanford Institute of Public Policy , Duke University (2009)</ref><ref name=Pomfret>James Pomfret, "[http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=4660 Forced abortions shake up China wombs-for-rent industry], Reuters (April 30th, 2009)</ref><br /> <br /> There is a general prohibition against the sale of gametes, including eggs.<ref name="gppc2" /><ref name=asrm>American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)</ref> <br /> <br /> In Hong Kong, however, which is partially autonomous, both surrogacy and compensation for providing eggs (for reproduction and for research) are allowed.<ref name=Sing/><ref name=asrm/><br /> |History=The Human Reproductive Technology Ordinance of 200 appears to have prohibited research cloning, stating that "No person shall... for the purposes of embryo research": <br /> * bring about the creation of an embryo<br /> * replace the nucleus of a cell of an embryo with a nucleus taken from any other cell<br /> * clone any embryo.<br /> Recent policy changes appear to override this ordinance.<br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Turkey 2009-05-20T22:52:24Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Turkey<br /> |image_flag=Turkey-flag_000.gif<br /> |Region=Asia<br /> |Population=70,586,256<br /> |GDP=663,419<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED<br /> |Eggs for research=?<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited<br /> |Reproductive cloning=no policy<br /> |Research cloning=no policy<br /> |Sex selection=social uses prohibited<br /> |Surrogacy=PROHIBITED<br /> |Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member<br /> |Council of Europe=Member<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Key laws and policies=* Code of Public Health, Law No. 94-654 (July 29, 1994)<br /> * Regulation on In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer Centers (1996, revised 2001)<br /> |Prohibited practices=Prohibited practices include:<br /> * Surrogacy<ref name=asrm>American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)</ref><br /> * Eggs for assisted reproduction<ref name=asrm>American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)</ref><br /> * Sex selection for non-medical reasons<ref name=Kalaca>Kalaça and Akin, "[http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/10/7/1631 Sex selection continued: The issue of sex selection in Turkey]," Human Reproduction (1995; 10: 1631-1632)</ref><br /> * Preimplantation genetic diagnosis for non-medical reasons<br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=There is no policy on reproductive or research cloning.<ref name=europa>Gülriz Uygur and Türkan Yalç∂n Sancar, "[http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/pdf/tr_eng_lr.pdf National Regulations on Ethics and Research in Turkey] (2005)</ref><br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Slovakia 2009-05-20T22:42:54Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Slovakia<br /> |image_flag=Slovakia-flag.gif<br /> |Region=Europe<br /> |Population=5,447,502<br /> |GDP=74,988<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=?<br /> |Eggs for research=?<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Sex selection=?<br /> |Surrogacy=?<br /> |European Union=Member<br /> |Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member<br /> |Council of Europe=Member<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED<br /> |Key laws and policies=* Act on healthcare, healthcare-related services and on the amendment and supplementing of certain laws, No. 576/2004 Coll. (September 22, 2004)<br /> * Law on health care (Law No. 277/1994 Coll. §42 (3))<br /> * Penal Code (Law No. 140/1961 Coll.,§246a, amended September 2003)<br /> |Prohibited practices=Reproductive and research cloning is prohibited, and punishable by three to eight years imprisonment.<ref name=Europa>Jozef Glasa, [http://ec.europa.eu/research/science-society/pdf/sk_eng_lr.pdf National Regulations on Ethics and Research in Slovak Republic] (2003)</ref><br /> }}<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=South_Korea 2009-05-20T21:28:08Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Republic of Korea<br /> |image_flag=KOREA_FLAG.jpg<br /> |Region=Asia<br /> |Population=49,044,790<br /> |GDP=957,053<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited<br /> |Eggs for research=commercial prohibited<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=regulated<br /> |Sex selection=PROHIBITED<br /> |Surrogacy=no policy<br /> |Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=no<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Key laws and policies=* Life Ethics Law (January 29, 2004)<br /> * [http://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/kbe/Bioethics&BiosafetyAct-SouthKorea-v1.0.pdf Bioethics and Biosafety Act] (2005)<br /> * Ministry of Health and Welfare, Guidelines on the Safety of Biotechnology Research (2000)<br /> |Prohibited practices=The following practices are prohibited:<br /> <br /> * Sex selection <br /> * Compensated as well as obtaining personal benefits (monetary or non-monetary) for the use of gametes<br /> * Reproductive cloning<br /> <br /> The Bioethics and Biosafety Act prohibits gene transfer of gametes, embryos, and fetuses. The Guidelines on the Safety of Biotechnology Research prohibit all inheritable genetic modification.<br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=The Bioethics and Biosafety Act limits tests on embryos to the treatment or prevention of disease.<br /> <br /> The Life Ethics Law regulates embryonic stem cell research. According to the law, only supernumerary embryos produced for infertility treatments can be used for research. Thus, the creation of embryos for purposes other than infertility treatment is prohibited. However, the government will approve limited research on somatic cell nuclear transfer based on the guidelines drawn up by the National Ethics Committees.<ref>http://www.glphr.org/genetic/asia2-07.htm</ref><br /> <br /> Surrogacy is unregulated.<ref name=Horsey>Kirsty Horsey, "[http://www.bionews.org.uk/new.lasso?storyid=2727 Surrogacy on offer between Japan and South Korea]," ''BioNews'' (September 5, 2005)</ref><ref name=chosun>[http://english.chosun.com/w21data/html/news/200610/200610170016.html Korea's Surrogate Mother Industry Draws Japanese]," ''Chosun Ilbo'' (October 17, 2006)</ref><br /> |Accountability and governance=Human reproductive cloning is prohibited and subject to criminal sanctions for up to ten years in prison<ref>“Biological Ethics Bill Passed by National Assembly,” Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare, Press Release (14 January 2004))</ref><ref>http://www.glphr.org/genetic/asia2-07.htm</ref><br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Table_agreements 2009-05-20T21:03:45Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>== Table ==<br /> <br /> The Table shows {{{description}}}.<br /> <br /> {{Sort blurb}}</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Template:Sort_blurb 2009-05-20T21:02:39Z

<p>Jreynolds: New page: You can click the icon in any column heading to sort by that column. To sort the other direction, click it again.</p> <hr /> <div>You can click the icon in any column heading to sort by that column. To sort the other direction, click it again.</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Ireland 2009-05-20T20:12:29Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Ireland<br /> |image_flag=Irish_flag.jpg<br /> |Region=Europe<br /> |Population=6,000,000<br /> |GDP=258,574<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=?<br /> |Eggs for research=?<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=?<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Sex selection=?<br /> |Surrogacy=?<br /> |European Union=Member<br /> |Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member<br /> |Council of Europe=Member<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=signed<br /> |Key laws and policies=* [http://193.178.1.117/upload/publications/297.pdf Constitution of Ireland]<br /> * Medical Council, ''[http://www.medicalcouncil.ie/_fileupload/standards/Ethical_Guide_6th_Edition.pdf A Guide to Ethical Conduct and Behaviour],'' 6th ed (March 2004)<br /> |Foundational values=The Constitution (Article 40, Section 3.3) "acknowledges the right to life of the unborn ... with due regard to the equal right to life of the mother" but the legal interpretation of this is disputed.<ref name=CAHR>[http://www.dohc.ie/publications/pdf/cahr.pdf?direct=1 Report of the Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction] (2005)</ref><ref name=madden>Deirdre Madden, "[http://www.ccels.cf.ac.uk/archives/publications/2004/maddenpaper.pdf Assisted Reproduction in the Republic of Ireland – a Legal Quagmire]" (July 2004)</ref> A common view is that the "unborn" include all in vitro embryos and that the consititution therefore prohibits all embryonic research and all forms of cloning. However, a 2006 court opinion, which as of April, 2008, was on appeal to the Supreme Court, suggested that "unborn" meant "a foetus or child within the womb."<ref name=icb>Irish Council for Bioethics, ''[http://www.bioethics.ie/pdfs/StemCellReport.pdf Ethical, Scientific and Legal Isues Concerning Stem Cell Research]'' (April, 2008)</ref><br /> |Prohibited practices="The Irish government has stated its opposition to cloning, both therapeutic and reproductive, on a number of occasions and therefore it is thought unlikely that the legal position on this issue will change in the near future."<ref name=madden/> Arguably, cloning is not prohibited by law but certainly it is in practice.<br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=It is often stated that PGD is prohibited, and it seems not to be practiced, but also not to be specifically illegal. The use of IVF is discouraged by the Medical Council guidelines, and only available to married couples with untreatable infertility. Further legislation has been expected for some years.<ref name=exam>"[http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2007/07/25/story38124.asp Death of a woman who yearned for children highlights poor practices]," ''Irish Examiner'' (July 25, 2007)</ref><br /> |History=A Commission on Assisted Human Reproduction was established by the government in 2000, and issued its [http://www.dohc.ie/publications/pdf/cahr.pdf?direct=1 report] in March, 2005 but legislation has not followed. The Report's recommendations included prohibitions on reproductive cloning, the creation of embryos for research purposes, sex selection for social reasons and the generation and use of interspecies human embryos.<br /> <br /> The Irish Council for Bioethics issued a Report on Stem Cell Research in April, 2008, which also called for widespread legislative reform.<ref name=icb/><br /> <br /> The Medical Council's ''Guide to Ethical Conduct and Behaviour'' is updated every five years and therefore due for revision in March, 2009.<ref name=madden/><br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=South_Africa 2009-05-20T19:25:36Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=South Africa<br /> |image_flag=South_Africa_Flag.jpg<br /> |Region=Africa<br /> |Population=43,700,000<br /> |GDP=282,630<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=no policy<br /> |Eggs for research=no policy<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=permitted<br /> |Sex selection=no policy<br /> |Surrogacy=no policy<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Key laws and policies=* [http://www.iucnrosa.org.zw/elisa/Environmental%20Law/south_africa/human_tissue_act.html Human Tissue Act] (s.39A inserted by s.26 of Act No. 51 of 1989) (1983)<br /> * [http://www.doh.gov.za/docs/bills/b32b.pdf National Health Act] (December 31, 2003)<br /> |Foundational values=The South African government practices the precautionary principle by stating, "The risk attached to the use of the technique on humans carries the possibility of hormonal manipulation in the egg donor, multiple miscarriages in the birth mother, and severe developmental abnormalities in any resulting child. The potential harms outweigh the potential benefits, and until studies in animal systems reverse this circumstance, we recommend that the use of human nuclear transfer cloning to create a new life should be prohibited."<ref>http://www.glphr.org/genetic/africa2-7.htm</ref><br /> <br /> It is recommended that recommendations of the US National Bioethics Advisory Committee should regulate the donation of human embryos for stem cell research.<ref>http://www.glphr.org/genetic/africa2-7.htm</ref><br /> |Prohibited practices=The following practices are prohibited by the National Health Act:<br /> * Inheritable genetic modification<br /> * Reproductive cloning<br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=South Africa does not regulate preimplantation genetic diagnosis explicitly by legislation or professional guidelines. However, the Medical Research Council of South Africa states that selecting sex is unethical if done for non-medical purposes. <br /> <br /> The National Health Act permits research cloning. <br /> <br /> Egg donation is permitted under guidelines, both for reproduction and for research; compensation is limited to reimbursement of expenses.<ref name=asrm>American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)</ref><ref name=Sing>Singapore Bioethics Advisory Committee, “[http://www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/52533%20PMEgg%20Donation%20Consultation%20Paper.pdf Donation Of Human Eggs For Research: A Consultation Paper],” 7 November 2007</ref><br /> <br /> Surrogacy is covered by guidelines, implying the absence of national law. <ref name=asrm/><br /> |External links=http://www.iucnrosa.org.zw/elisa/Environmental%20Law/south_africa/human_tissue_act.html<br /> <br /> http://www.parliament.gov.za/pls/portalweb_app.utl_output_doc?p_table=draft_ bills&p_doc_col=draft_bill&p_mime_col=mime_type&p_id=588648<br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Taiwan 2009-05-20T19:20:24Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Taiwan (Republic of China)<br /> |image_flag=Taiwan.png<br /> |Region=Asia<br /> |Population=22,911,000<br /> |GDP=383,307<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial allowed<br /> |Eggs for research=commercial allowed<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=?<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Sex selection=?<br /> |Surrogacy=PROHIBITED<br /> |Prohibited practices=Surrogacy is prohibited.<ref name=asrm>American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)</ref><br /> <br /> Research cloning is prohibited by a general prohibition on the production of embryos specifically for research.<ref name=eu>''[http://ec.europa.eu/research/biosociety/pdf/non_eu_countries_230804.pdf Survey on opinions from National Ethics Committees or similar bodies, public debate and national legislation in relation to human embryonic stem cell research and use]'', July 2004</ref><br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=Compensation for providing eggs is allowed, both for reproduction and for research.<ref name=Sing>Singapore Bioethics Advisory Committee, "[http://www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/52533%20PMEgg%20Donation%20Consultation%20Paper.pdf Donation Of Human Eggs For Research: A Consultation Paper]" (November 7, 2007)</ref><br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Switzerland 2009-05-02T00:00:45Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Switzerland<br /> |image_flag=Switzerland-flag.gif<br /> |Region=Europe<br /> |Population=7,591,400<br /> |GDP=423,938<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED<br /> |Eggs for research=?<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=PROHIBITED<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Sex selection=PROHIBITED<br /> |Surrogacy=PROHIBITED<br /> |Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member<br /> |Council of Europe=Member<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES<br /> |Key laws and policies=* [http://www.servat.unibe.ch/icl/sz00000_.html Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation] (September 2001)<br /> * Federal Act on Research on Surplus Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cells (Embryonic Research Act) (November 2004)<br /> * Federal Law on Genetic Testing (2004)<br /> * Federal Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction (December 8, 1998)<br /> |Prohibited practices=The Constitution and the Embryonic Research Act prohibits the following:<br /> * Research cloning<br /> * Reproductive cloning<br /> * Producing an embryo for research purposes <br /> * Producing stem cells from a research embryo<br /> * Modifying the hereditary patrimony of germ cells <br /> * Producing embryonic stem cells from an embryo whose germline was modified, or use of such cells<br /> * Creating a clone, a chimera or a hybrid <br /> * Producing embryonic stem cells from a clone, a chimera or a hybrid, or use such cells<br /> * Developing a parthenote, produce embryonic stem cells from a parthenote, or use such cells<br /> * Importing or exporting any of the embryos, clones, chimeras, hybrids or parhenotes described<ref>http://www.glphr.org/genetic/europe2-7.htm</ref><br /> * Surrogacy<ref name=asrm>American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)</ref><ref name=Eriksson>Maja Kirilova Eriksson, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=GQk_1f7C5BwC&pg=PA208&lpg=PA208&dq=norway+surrogacy+law+OR+policy&source=web&ots=PYNoyHUoD_&sig=He8Exp9mF1i6L-VMWwDZHGXkPZM&hl=en Reproductive Freedom: In the Context of International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law]'', Martinus Nijhoff Publishers (1999), p. 208</ref><br /> * Eggs for assisted reproduction<ref name=asrm>American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)</ref><br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is generally thought to be prohibited but there are suggestions that the Federal Law on Genetic Testing may allow its use for medical reasons.<ref>R. Bell, ed., [http://www.bioethics.ac.uk/cmsfiles/files/resources/a4_symposium_report__european_approaches_to_pgd_web_final.pdf Comparative European Approaches to Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis]</ref><br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Singapore 2009-05-01T23:43:23Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Singapore<br /> |image_flag=Singapore_flag.gif<br /> |Region=Asia<br /> |Population=4,680,600<br /> |GDP=161,349<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited<br /> |Eggs for research=commercial prohibited<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=?<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=regulated<br /> |Sex selection=social uses prohibited<br /> |Surrogacy=PROHIBITED<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=no<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Key laws and policies=* [http://agcvldb4.agc.gov.sg/non_version/cgi-bin/cgi_retrieve.pl?actno=REVED-131B&doctitle=HUMAN%20CLONING%20AND%20OTHER%20PROHIBITED%20PRACTICES%20ACT%0A&date=latest&method=part&sl=1 Human Cloning and Other Prohibited Practices Act] (September 2 2004)<br /> * National Medical Ethics Committee, Ethical Guidelines for Gene Technology (2001) <br /> * Bioethics Advisory Committee of Singapore, [http://www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/55211%20PMGT%20Research.pdf Genetic Testing and Genetic Research] (2005)<br /> * Ministry of Health, Licensing & Accreditation Branch, [https://www.moh-ela.gov.sg/ela/docroot/html/assisted_reproduction_services_directives.pdf Directives for Private Healthcare Institutions Providing Assisted Reproduction Services]: Regulation 4 of the Private Hospitals and Medical Clinics Regulations (CAP 248, Reg 1), (March 2006)<br /> |Prohibited practices=Reproductive cloning is prohibited by the Human Cloning and Other Prohibited Practices Act. <br /> <br /> The Directives for Private Healthcare Institutions Providing Assisted Reproduction Services prohibit surrogacy.<br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=The Human Cloning and Other Prohibited Practices Act and the Directives for Private Healthcare Institutions Providing Assisted Reproduction Services permit providing eggs, but prohibit payments.<br /> <br /> The Directives for Private Healthcare Institutions Providing Assisted Reproduction Services permit sex selection only for medical purposes.<br /> The "Ethical, Legal and Social Issues in Human Stem Cell Research, Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning" states that the creation of human embryos either through IVF or SCNT for research purposes can only be justified where:<br /> <br /> # There is strong scientific merit in, and potential medical benefit from, such research;<br /> # no acceptable alternative exists; and <br /> # on a highly selective, case-by-case basis, with specific approval from the proposed statutory body. <ref name = unesco>UNESCO, "[http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0013/001342/134277e.pdf National Legislation Concerning Human Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning]," 2004</ref><br /> <br /> Egg donors must be less than 35 years old. <ref name=asrm>American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)</ref><br /> |Regulatory activities=The Human Cloning and Other Prohibited Practices Act authorizes government enforcement agencies to inspect relevant premises.<br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Mexico 2009-05-01T23:25:25Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Mexico<br /> |image_flag=Mexico.gif<br /> |Region=Latin America<br /> |Population=108,700,891<br /> |GDP=893,365<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=no policy<br /> |Eggs for research=?<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=?<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Sex selection=?<br /> |Surrogacy=?<br /> |Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Key laws and policies=* General Health Law (February 7, 1984, amended June 2006)<ref name=iskngppc>Rosario M. Isasi and Bartha M. Knoppers, "[http://www.dnapolicy.org/pdf/geneticTesting.pdf National Regulatory Frameworks Regarding Human Reproductive Genetic Testing]," A Report for the Genetics and Public Policy Center (July 2006)</ref><br /> * Regulation of the General Health Law on Scientific Health Research (1985)<ref name=iskngppc/><br /> |Prohibited practices=Reproductive and research cloning, inheritable genetic modification, and surrogacy are prohibited, at least implicitly.<ref name="gppc1">Genetics and Public Policy Center, "[http://www.dnapolicy.org/policy.international.php?action=detail&laws_id=29 Cloning, General Health Law (Mexico)]"</ref><ref name="gppc2">Genetics and Public Policy Center, "[http://www.dnapolicy.org/policy.international.php?action=detail&laws_id=42 Human Genetic Modification, General Health Law (Mexico)]"</ref><ref name=wm>Kathryn Wheat and Kirstin Matthews, "[http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~neal/stemcell/World.pdf World Human Cloning Policies]," Paper Presented at ''Stem Cells: Saving Lives or Crossing Lines,'' Houston, Texas (November 20-21, 2004)</ref><ref name="cook">Rachel Cook, Shelley Day Sclater, and Felicity Kaganas, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=FOyyRd9IM74C&pg=PA2&lpg=PA2&dq=mexico+surrogacy+law+OR+policy&source=web&ots=vNCibMRGt2&sig=bD5ZlVsF7HindsRctDSH9LA1ZZQ&hl=en Surrogate Motherhood: International Perspectives]'', Hart Publishing (2003) p. 2</ref><br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=Providing eggs for reproduction is permitted under guidelines.<ref name=asrm>American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)</ref><br /> <br /> There is no law or policy regarding PGD.<ref name="gppc3">Genetics and Public Policy Center, "[http://www.dnapolicy.org/policy.international.php?action=detail&laws_id=56 Reproductive Genetic Testing, General Health Law (Mexico)]"</ref><br /> |History="The regulation of PGD has been subject to ample parliamentary debate, and several bills have been introduced. Most of the draft bills call for restricting use of the procedure to serious conditions and for prohibiting PGD sex selection for non-medical purposes."<ref name=iskngppc/><br /> |External links=* Ministry of Health ([http://portal.salud.gob.mx/ Secretaría de Salud])<br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Japan 2009-05-01T22:55:57Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Japan<br /> |image_flag=Japan_flag.JPG<br /> |Region=Asia<br /> |Population=127,433,494<br /> |GDP=4,383,762<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED<br /> |Eggs for research=commercial prohibited<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=no policy<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=regulated<br /> |Sex selection=no policy<br /> |Surrogacy=unrecognized<br /> |Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=no<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Key laws and policies=* [http://www.mext.go.jp/a_menu/shinkou/seimei/eclone.pdf Law Concerning Regulation Relating to Human Cloning Techniques and Other Similar Techniques] (June 2001)<br /> |Foundational values=The preamble to the 2001 cloning law speaks about "preservation of human dignity, safety for human life and body, and maintenance of social order."<br /> |Prohibited practices=The 2001 cloning law prohibits<br /> * Human reproductive cloning<br /> * Inheritable genetic modification<br /> * The transfer of "a human-animal amphimictic embryo, a human-animal hybrid embryo or a human-animal chimeric embryo into a uterus of a human or an animal"<br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=Although the Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology has long prohibited surrogacy in its guidelines, there appears to be no law directly addressing the practice. Recent media coverage of surrogacy has prompted a public discussion.<ref name=Fujioka>Chisa Fujioka, "[http://www.babycenter.com/204_japans-surrogate-mothers-emerge-from-shadows_5229785.bc Japan's surrogate mothers emerge from shadows]," Reuters (March 13, 2008)</ref> The Supreme Court ruled that the birth mother or birth parents are the legal parents of a child.<ref name=Miyagawa>Shigeo Miyagawa, "[http://www.thecourt.ca/2007/05/11/the-supreme-court-of-japan-rejects-a-nevada-court-judgment-on-surrogate-mother-contracts/ Report from Japan: Surrogacy Contracts in the Supreme Court of Japan]," ''The Court'' (May 11, 2007)</ref><br /> <br /> The prohibition on providing eggs for reproductive purposes may be under guidelines rather than a law.<ref name=asrm>American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)</ref><br /> <br /> PGD is covered by guidelines, not legislation.<ref name="gppc">Genetics and Public Policy Center, "[http://www.dnapolicy.org/policy.international.php?action=detail&laws_id=55 Reproductive Genetic Testing, Guidelines for Genetic Testing (Japan)]"</ref><br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=India 2009-05-01T21:45:41Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=India<br /> |image_flag=IndiaFlag.jpg<br /> |Region=Asia<br /> |Population=1,132,446,000<br /> |GDP=1,098,945<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=no policy<br /> |Eggs for research=no policy<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=regulated<br /> |Sex selection=social uses prohibited<br /> |Surrogacy=commercial allowed<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=no<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Key laws and policies=* [http://www.medindia.net/Indian_Health_Act/The_Pre_Natal_Diagnostic_Techniques_PNDT_Act_Rules/list-of-acts.htm The Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation and Prevention of Misuse) Amendment Act] (1994, amended 2003)<br /> * [http://dbtindia.gov.in/pol_ethical.htm Ethical Policies on the Human Genome, Genetic Research and Services], Department of Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and Technology (June 2001)<br /> * [http://www.icmr.nic.in/art/art_clinics.htm National Guidelines for Accreditation, Supervision and Regulation of ART Clinics in India], Indian Council of Medical Research (2005)<br /> * [http://www.icmr.nic.in/stem_cell/stem_cell_guidelines.pdf Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Therapy], Indian Council of Medical Research (2007)<br /> * [http://www.icmr.nic.in/ethical_guidelines.pdf Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Participants], Indian Council of Medical Research (2006)<br /> |Prohibited practices=Sex selection by any means is prohibited in the Pre-Natal Diagnostic Techniques Amendment Act, which was subsequently amended to reflect technological developments. The Indian Council of Medical Research’s National Guidelines for Accreditation, Supervision and Regulation of ART Clinics permits an exception for sex selection by PGD "to avoid the risk of transmission of a genetic abnormality assessed through PGD."<br /> <br /> Reproductive cloning and inheritable genetic modification are prohibited by the Department of Biotechnology's Ethical Policies on the Human Genome, Genetic Research and Services, the Indian Council of Medical Research's Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research on Human Participants, and the Council's Guidelines for Stem Cell Research and Therapy.<br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is allowed in case of suspected medical conditions based on parental history, including both genetic conditions and the age of the mother.<br /> <br /> Commercial surrogacy was legalized in 2002, and loosely regulated under 2005 guidelines from the Indian Council of Medical Research.<ref name=ITimes>Mahendra Kumar Singh, "[http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India/Govt_mulls_laws_to_regulate_surrogacy/articleshow/2503791.cms New laws to rein in 'womb business']," ''Times of India'' (October 31, 2007)</ref> In February 2008, the Ministry of Women and Child Development considered new legislation.<ref name=nyt>Amelia Gentleman, "[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/10/world/asia/10surrogate.html India Nurtures Business of Surrogate Motherhood]," ''New York Times'' (March 10, 2008)</ref><br /> <br /> Providing eggs for assisted reproduction is permitted under guidelines, which do allow payments.<ref name=asrm>American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)</ref> For research, however, only the reimbursement of expenses is allowed.<ref name=Sing>Singapore Bioethics Advisory Committee, ''[http://www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/52533%20PMEgg%20Donation%20Consultation%20Paper.pdf Donation Of Human Eggs For Research: A Consultation Paper]'' (November 7, 2007)</ref><br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Germany 2009-05-01T21:24:22Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Germany<br /> |image_flag=Germany.jpg<br /> |Region=Europe<br /> |Population=82,210,000<br /> |GDP=3,322,147<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=PROHIBITED<br /> |Eggs for research=?<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=PROHIBITED<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Sex selection=social uses prohibited<br /> |Surrogacy=PROHIBITED<br /> |European Union=Member<br /> |Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member<br /> |Council of Europe=Member<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED<br /> |Key laws and policies=* [http://www.bmj.bund.de/files/-/1147/ESchG%20englisch.pdf Federal Embryo Protection Law] ([http://www.bundesrecht.juris.de/eschg/BJNR027460990.html Gesetz zum Schutz von Embryonen]) (December 13, 1990)<br /> * Adoption Brokerage Law 2006 [http://www.bundesjustizamt.de/nn_257850/SharedDocs/Publikationen/BZAA/AdVermiG,templateId=raw,property=publicationFile.pdf/AdVermiG.pdf]<br /> * Guideline of the German Federal Medical Chamber 2006 [http://www.bundesaerztekammer.de/downloads/AssRepro.pdf]<br /> |Prohibited practices=The Federal Embryo Protection Law of 1990 prohibits:<br /> <br /> * Inheritable genetic modification<br /> * Creating a clonal embryo for any purpose<br /> * Transferring a clonal embryo into a woman's uterus<br /> * Sex selection via PGD, even if the intention is to prevent disease.<ref name=bionet>BioNet, "[http://www.bionetonline.org/English/Content/db_leg2.htm What Is Legal?]," accessed on June 12, 2008</ref><br /> <br /> Violations or attempts are punishable by up to five years' imprisonment or by a fine.<br /> <br /> The law's definition of an embryo to be protected specifically includes "each totipotent cell removed from an embryo that is capable, in the presence of other necessary conditions, of dividing and developing into an individual." <ref name=gppc1>Translation by the [http://www.dnapolicy.org/policy.international.php?action=detail&laws_id=25 Genetics and Public Policy Center], accessed on June 12, 2008</ref><br /> <br /> It is unclear whether preimplantation genetic diagnosis is prohibited by the Embryo Law.<ref name="gppc">Genetics and Public Policy Center, "[http://www.dnapolicy.org/policy.international.php?action=detail&laws_id=52 Reproductive Genetic Testing (Germany)]"</ref> However, the practice does not occur in Germany.<ref name=council>German National Ethics Council, "[http://www.ethikrat.org/_english/main_topics/pndpgd.html Genetic diagnosis before and during pregnancy<br /> (PND and PGD)]" (2004)</ref><br /> It is also unclear whether embryo donation is permitted; again, this does not occur in Germany.<br /> Surrogacy is prohibited by a combination of the Embryo Protection and Adoption Brokerage Laws.<ref name=keppler>Victoria Keppler and Michael Bokelmann, "[http://www.surrogacy.com/legals/article/germany.html Surrogate motherhood – The legal situation in Germany]," The American Surrogacy Center (2000)</ref><br /> <br /> Providing eggs for assisted reproduction is prohibited by law.<ref name=asrm>American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)</ref><br /> <br /> The German Federal Medical Chamber stipulates that lesbian and single women should not have access to ART, however, there is no legislation prohibiting this.<br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=Sex selection by selecting sperm is permitted only to prevent a few special, very serious gender-related genetic diseases (e.g. muscular dystrophy). This applies whether sperm are used for IVF or artificial insemination.<ref name=bionet/><br /> |External links=* [http://www.bmg.bund.de/cln_041/nn_600110/EN/Home/homepage__node,param=.html__nnn=true Ministry of Health] (in English)<br /> * German National Ethics Council, "[http://www.ethikrat.org/_english/publications/Opinion_Cloning.pdf Cloning for Reproductive Purposes and Cloning for the Purposes of Biomedical Research]" (2004)<br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Australia 2009-04-30T23:40:44Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Australia<br /> |image_flag=Australia-flag.jpg<br /> |Region=Oceania<br /> |Population=21,260,000<br /> |GDP=908,826<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited<br /> |Eggs for research=commercial prohibited<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=regulated<br /> |Sex selection=social uses prohibited<br /> |Surrogacy=commercial prohibited; unrecognized<br /> |Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Introduction=Governance in Australia is federalized, with significant power distributed to its states and territories, and policies addressing human genetic and reproductive technology are made at both federal and state levels.<br /> |Key laws and policies=* [http://www.comlaw.gov.au/ComLaw/Legislation/Act1.nsf/0/71AC9EAE45677788CA2572440012F18A/$file/1722006.pdf Prohibition of Human Cloning for Reproduction and the Regulation of Human Embryo Research Amendment Bill] (2006, in force June 12, 2007)<ref name=nhmrc>For a summary, see National Health and Medical Research Council, "[http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/embryos/stemcells/patterson.htm Stem Cells, Cloning and Related Issues]," accessed June 23, 2008</ref><br /> * National Health and Medical Research Council, [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/e72syn.htm National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research] (2007)<br /> * National Health and Medical Research Council, [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/_files/e56.pdf Ethical Guidelines on the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Clinical Practice and Research] (September 2004)<br /> |Prohibited practices=Federal legislation in Australia bans reproductive cloning and inheritable genetic modification. <br /> <br /> Individual states have the authority to permit or prohibit research cloning. <br /> <br /> The ''Ethical Guidelines on the Use of Assisted Reproductive Technology in Clinical Practice and Research,'' issued by the National Health and Medical Research Council, is the policy document of the body that regulates assisted reproductive technology and related research. The Guidelines prohibit commercial surrogacy, and limit the use of preimplantation genetic diagnosis to the avoidance of serious medical conditions. They do, however, encourage further public discussion of these and other issues.<br /> <br /> The Guidelines are not mere recommendations, but there are potential limitations due to Australia's federal system. Laws among states vary. However, the Department of Human Services of South Australia says that "States must comply with the NHMRC Guidelines unless specific legislation regulating reproductive technology overrides."<ref name="sa">Department of Human Services of South Australia, "[http://www.dh.sa.gov.au/reproductive-technology/other.asp#NHMRC Reproductive Technology: Legislation around Australia]"</ref><br /> <br /> State laws uniformly make surrogacy contracts unenforceable, granting custody to the birth mother or birth parents.<ref name="sa"/><ref name="Stuhmcke">Anita Stuhmcke, "[http://www.murdoch.edu.au/elaw/issues/v3n1/stuhmck1.txt For Love or Money: the Legal Regulation of Surrogate Motherhood]," ''E Law - Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law'' (vol 3, no 1, May 1996)</ref><br /> <br /> The Australian Health Ethics Committee, which governs how medical research is conducted, ruled in 2005 that sex selection techniques should not be used in Australia.<br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=Providing eggs for reproduction or for research is limited to noncommercial transactions.<ref name=Sing>Singapore Bioethics Advisory Committee, "[http://www.bioethics-singapore.org/uploadfile/52533%20PMEgg%20Donation%20Consultation%20Paper.pdf Donation Of Human Eggs For Research: A Consultation Paper]" (November 7, 2007)</ref><br /> |History=The 2006 Act amended and broadened the scope of previous legislation:<br /> * [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/_files/prohibit.pdf Prohibition of Human Cloning Act 2002]<br /> * [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/publications/synopses/_files/embryact.pdf Research Involving Embryos Act 2002]<br /> |External links=* [http://www.nhmrc.gov.au/ National Health and Medical Research Council]<br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=United_Arab_Emirates 2009-01-02T00:46:17Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=United Arab Emirates<br /> |image_flag=United-arab-emirates-flag.gif<br /> |Region=Asia<br /> |Population=46,372,700<br /> |GDP=192,603<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=?<br /> |Eggs for research=?<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=?<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Sex selection=?<br /> |Surrogacy=?<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Prohibited practices=Reproductive and research cloning are prohibited.<ref name="Arafah">Adel Arafah, "[http://www.zawya.com/Story.cfm/sidZAWYA20081231041151/Human%20Cloning,%20Research%20Banned%20in%20UAE Human Cloning, Research?Banned in UAE]," Khaleej Times (December 31, 2008)</ref><br /> }}<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=France 2008-10-08T17:47:42Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=France<br /> |image_flag=France_flag.gif<br /> |Region=Europe<br /> |Population=64,473,140<br /> |GDP=2,560,255<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial allowed<br /> |Eggs for research=commercial prohibited<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Sex selection=social uses prohibited<br /> |Surrogacy=PROHIBITED<br /> |European Union=Member<br /> |Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member<br /> |Council of Europe=Member<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=signed<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=signed<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=no<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=RATIFIED<br /> |Key laws and policies=* Bioethics Law No. 2004-800 ([http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000441469&dateTexte= LOI n° 2004-800 du 6 août 2004 relative à la bioéthique]) (August 6, 2004), found in:<br /> ** Penal code, Book II - Felonies and Misdemeanors against Persons, Title I - Crimes against Humanity and Against Persons, [http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=33&r=3676 Subtitle II - Crimes against Persons]<br /> ** Penal code, Book V - Other Felonies and Misdemeanors, Title I - Offences against Public Health, [http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=33&r=3852 Chapter I - Offences against Biomedical Ethics]<br /> ** Intellectual Property Code, Book VI - Protection of Inventions and Technical Knowledge, Title I - Invention Patents, Chapter I - Field of Application, [http://195.83.177.9/code/liste.phtml?lang=uk&c=36&r=2560 Section III - Patentable Inventions]<br /> * [http://www.napoleon-series.org/research/government/code/book3/c_title03.html#section3 Of the Object and Matter of Contracts, ]Article 1128 of the Civil Code<br /> <br /> * Law on the Donation and Use of Elements and Products of the Human Body, Medically Assisted Procreation, and Prenatal Diagnosis, No. 94-654 ([http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000000549618&dateTexte= LOI no 94-654 du 29 juillet 1994 relative au don et à l'utilisation des éléments et produits du corps humain, à l'assistance médicale à la procréation et au diagnostic prénatal]) (July 29, 1994)<br /> |Foundational values=France's Bioethics Law of 2004 articulates three foundational values: <br /> * Respect for the dignity of the human embryo<br /> * Respect for all stages of life <br /> * Human rights<br /> |Prohibited practices=The Bioethics Law of 2004 prohibits:<br /> * Reproductive cloning, which is deemed a crime against the human race; violators may receive jail sentences of up to 30 years and fines of 7.5 million Euros (about $11m)<br /> * Research cloning, which is punishable with up to 7 years in prison and fines<br /> * Creation of human embryos for research purposes<br /> * Inheritable genetic modification<br /> * "The invasion into the integrity of the human species, eugenic behaviors intended to organize selection of human beings, and conversion of genetic characteristics leading to any change in descendants of humans."<ref name=ajlm>George J. Annas, Lori B. Andrews and Rosario M. Isasi, "[http://geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=159 Protecting the Endangered Human: Toward an International Treaty Prohibiting Cloning and Inheritable Alterations]," ''American Journal of Law and Medicine'' (Vol. 28. Nos. 2 & 3, 2002)</ref> <br /> * Sex selection, except for medical reasons<br /> <br /> Surrogacy is implicitly prohibited by multiple statutes, including Article 1128 of the Civil Code, and explicitly by court rulings.<ref name="De Cruz">Peter de Cruz, "[http://books.google.com/books?id=_i7YsEFWrLAC&pg=PT560&lpg=PT560&dq=france+surrogacy+law+OR+policy&source=web&ots=k6qXeZsVM0&sig=rHTG52zOz3OThVYdxubqZMz51Qw&hl=en#PPT560,M1 Surrogacy in France]," in ''Comparative Healthcare Law'' (Routledge Cavendish, 2001)</ref><br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=The Bioethics Law of 2004 gives the French Biomedicine Agency (Agence de la biomédecine) regulatory responsibility for technologies and activities regarding: <br /> * Reproductive cells<br /> ** Assisted reproductive technologies<br /> *** artificial insemination<br /> *** in vitro fertilization <br /> *** all other non-natural procreation techniques, including gamete donation. Providing eggs for assisted reproduction - including with payments - is permitted.<ref name=asrm>American Society for Reproductive Medicine, "[http://www.fertstert.org/issues/contents?issue_key=S0015-0282(07)X0176-6 IFFS Surveillance 07]," ''Fertility and Sterility'' (Vol. 87. No. 4, Suppl. 1, April 2007)</ref><br /> ** Storage of human gametes<br /> * In vitro embryos<br /> ** Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis<br /> ** Storage and donation of human embryos<br /> ** Research on embryos and human embryonic stem cells<br /> * In vivo embryos and fetuses<br /> ** Prenatal diagnosis<br /> *** chromosome genetic diagnosis (study of the shape and number of chromosomes)<br /> *** molecular genetic diagnosis (research on the DNA structure)<br /> *** biochemical, infectiological and immunological diagnosis using samples from a foetus, its related tissues or the mother<br /> * Birth or abortion<br /> ** Cells procured from the blood in the umbilical cord<br /> ** Procurement of tissues and cells from an aborted foetus for transplants or research<br /> * Living persons<br /> ** Genetic diagnosis on persons with symptoms (cystic fibrosis, Duchennes muscular dystrophy, haemophilia, etc.) or without symptoms (late appearing diseases such as Huntington’s Disease)<br /> ** Genetic diagnosis based on predisposition factors (breast cancer) or the study of risks in families <br /> ** Procurement of organs, tissues and cells<br /> ** Organ, tissue and cell transplants<br /> * Deceased persons<br /> ** Procurement of organs, tissues and cells<br /> ** Storage of tissues and cells<br /> |Regulatory activities=The French Biomedicine Agency conducts these activities regarding assisted reproductive technologies and diagnosis:<br /> * Authorizes multidisciplinary centers for prenatal diagnosis<br /> * Authorizes pre-implantation genetic diagnosis centers and approve practitioners<br /> * Approves biologists to carry out prenatal diagnosis<br /> * Approves practitioners for clinical and biological activities in assisted reproductive technologies<br /> * Delivers official opinions on authorizations granted to centres for assisted reproductive technologies<br /> * Sets up a monitoring scheme for clinical and biological activities associated with assisted reproductive technologies<br /> * Evaluates activities in assisted reproductive technologies, prenatal and genetic diagnosis<br /> * Sets up a health monitoring service for women undergoing assisted reproductive technologies, children conceived by this method, and oocyte donors<br /> * Provides information about gamete donation<br /> * Authorizes imports and exports of gametes or embryos<br /> <br /> The French Biomedicine Agency conducts these activities regarding embryos and embryonic stem cell research: <br /> <br /> * Authorizes researchers who can work on supernumerary embryos from in vitro fertilization that are no longer required by parents, under strict supervision by the Agency. <br /> * Delivers authorizations for importing, storing and disposing of embryo tissues and cells required for research purposes. If the conditions of authorization are not respected, the agency can suspend or withdraw a permit.<br /> * Guarantees the identification and traceability of human embryos used for research, and of embryonic stem cell lines created from these embryos or imported from abroad. <br /> * Controls the authorized activities, with the possibility of carrying out inspections, or of suspending or definitively halting the work. <br /> * After five years’ experience, the agency will evaluate the results and publish a report that will act as the basis for any possible extension of these authorizations.<br /> <br /> The Agency also oversees organ procurement and transplants:<br /> * Managing the nationwide list of patients awaiting transplants<br /> * Managing the national register of those who refuse to be donors<br /> * Developing the national database of volunteer donors of haematopoietic stem cells<br /> * Developing rules for distributing donor organs<br /> * Coordinating organ procurement, and their distribution and allocation in France and abroad<br /> * Evaluating procurement and transplantation activities<br /> * Organizing expert committees for authorizing procurement from living donors<br /> * Developing information on donating, procuring and transplanting organs, tissues and cells<br /> |Accountability and governance=The French Biomedicine Agency is governed by <br /> * A Director General "nominated by decree" for three-year renewable terms. <br /> * An executive management board of representatives from different ministries and public health bodies, together with "key figures qualified in the agency’s fields of activity."<br /> * A steering committee (le conseil d’orientation) <br /> <br /> The steering committee supervises the consistency of the Agency’s medical and scientific policy, and alignment with the regulatory and ethical principles applicable to its activities. It comprises:<br /> * scientific and medical experts<br /> * representatives from associations<br /> * qualified key figures<br /> * members of different institutions (e.g., the French Consultative Committee for Ethics, and the French Consultative Commission for Human Rights)<br /> * as well as Members of Parliament<br /> Numerically, it is comprised of:<br /> * 6 scientists<br /> * 3 human tissue experts<br /> * 6 representatives of patient groups<br /> * 6 social scientists or ethicists. <br /> Members are appointed for 3-year terms. The steering committee examines every research project or study on the embryo or embryonic stem cells and gives its expert opinion before the decision concerning authorization is taken.<br /> |External links=* [http://www.agence-biomedecine.fr/en/index.asp Agence de la biomédecine]<br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Cape_Verde 2008-08-25T18:39:02Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Cape Verde<br /> |image_flag=Cape_Verde_flag.jpg<br /> |Region=Africa<br /> |Population=499,796<br /> |GDP=1,428<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=?<br /> |Eggs for research=?<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=?<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?<br /> |Reproductive cloning=?<br /> |Research cloning=?<br /> |Sex selection=?<br /> |Surrogacy=?<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=abstained<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> }}</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Saudi_Arabia 2008-08-25T18:39:01Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Saudi Arabia<br /> |image_flag=Saudi-arabia-flag.gif<br /> |Region=Asia<br /> |Population=27,601,038<br /> |GDP=376,029<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=?<br /> |Eggs for research=?<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=?<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?<br /> |Reproductive cloning=?<br /> |Research cloning=?<br /> |Sex selection=?<br /> |Surrogacy=?<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> }}</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Belgium 2008-08-25T18:38:54Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Belgium<br /> |image_flag=Belgium-flag.jpg<br /> |Region=Europe<br /> |Population=10,584,534<br /> |GDP=453,636<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=commercial prohibited<br /> |Eggs for research=commercial prohibited<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=PROHIBITED<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=social uses prohibited<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=regulated<br /> |Sex selection=social uses prohibited<br /> |Surrogacy=no policy<br /> |European Union=Member<br /> |Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development=Member<br /> |Council of Europe=Member<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=no<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=signed<br /> |Key laws and policies=* Law on Research into Embryos ''in Vitro''<ref name=penn>G. Pennings, "[http://www.springerlink.com/content/g813j85g5p720m72/ New Belgian Law on Research on Human Embryos]," ''Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics,'' Vol. 20, No. 8, August 2003 [subscription required]</ref> ([http://www.eshre.com/emc.asp?pageid=751 Projet de loi relative à la recherche sur les embryons in vitro/Wetsontwerp betreffende het onderzoek op embryo's in vitro]) 2-695 (December 10, 2002)<br /> * Law on Medically Assisted Reproduction and the Disposition of Supernumerary Embryos and Gametes<ref name=penn2>G. Pennings, "[http://www.springerlink.com/content/g813j85g5p720m72/ Belgian law on medically assisted reproduction and the disposition of supernumerary embryos and gametes]," ''European Journal of Health Law,'' Vol. 14, No. 3, November 2007 [subscription required]</ref> ([http://www.lachambre.be/FLWB/pdf/51/2567/51K2567005.pdf Projet de loi relative à la procréation médicalement assistée et à la destination des embryons surnuméraires et des gamètes/Wetsontwerp betreffende de medisch begeleide voortplanting en de bestemming van de overtallige embryo's en de gameten]) 3-1440 (July 6, 2007)<br /> |Foundational values=The Law on Research into Embryos law expresses a belief in the importance of freedom of research and the acceptance of ethical pluralism in society.<br /> |Prohibited practices=The Law on Research into Embryos prohibits<br /> * reproductive cloning<br /> * conducting research or treatment for eugenic purposes, i.e. PGD or genetic modification for enhancement or for social purposes<br /> * sex selection for nonmedical purposes<br /> * using embryos, gametes and embryonic stem cells for commercial purposes<br /> * placing human embryos in animals<br /> * creating chimeras or hybrids<br /> * placing embryos on which research has been conducted in humans, except when the research had a therapeutic benefit for the embryo itself or when it concerns an observation method that does not harm the embryo’s integrity<br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=The Law on Research into Embryos appears to affirm all types of research directed at therapeutic purposes and increased medical knowledge. Implicitly, the creation of embryos for research is also allowed.<br /> <br /> Couples seeking PGD must be seen by psychologists and counseled regarding the welfare of the future child, the family context, and parenting abilities before the procedure is approved.<br /> <br /> Research on embryos in vitro is allowed if<br /> # the research has a therapeutic purpose or contributes to a better knowledge about fertility, infertility, organ and tissue transplantation, prevention or treatment of diseases<br /> # the research is founded on the most recent scientific findings and is conform the requirements of correct scientific methodology<br /> # the research is conducted in a licensed laboratory that is linked to an academic program for assisted reproduction or human genetics and is performed in appropriate technical and material conditions<br /> # the research is conducted under the supervision of a specialist or a qualified person<br /> # the research is performed on embryos during the first 14 days of development, the period of freezing not included<br /> # There is no other research method that is equally efficient<br /> <br /> There are no policies concerning surrogacy.<ref name="dooley">Dolores Dooley and Panagiota Dalla-Vorgia, ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=Tnu-ZT08hVIC&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=surrogacy+law+OR+policy&source=web&ots=rFcvgMSUwa&sig=coo3o-Vf2-k4elmY9KlinaTsBvo&hl=en Ethics of New Reproductive Technologies: Cases and Questions]'' Berghahn Books (2003) p. 66</ref><ref name=Stuyver>I. Stuyver, K. Denys, P. De Sutter, J. Gerris, M. Dhont, "[http://humrep.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/22/suppl_1/i198.pdf A three-year experience with gestational surrogacy: an evaluation of medical, ethical and legal aspects]," ''Abstracts of the 23rd Annual Meeting of the ESHRE, Lyon, France (July 1–4 , 2007)'', p. i198</ref><br /> |Regulatory activities=Assisted Reproductive Technology centers must obtain a license to practice, provide annual reports and work with one of eight human genetic centers established at the eight medical faculties in Belgium. The centers decide autonomously for which conditions and therapeutic purposes<br /> (e.g. HLA-typing) they will offer PGD and to whom. <ref name=nippert>Dr. Irmgard Nippert, "[http://fes.indygfx.de/docs/nippert_eng_summ_internet_010207.pdf PGD in Belgium, France and the United Kingdom]," English-language summary of ''Präimplantationsdiagnostik: ein Ländervergleich,'' Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Berlin, 2006</Ref><br /> <br /> The Law on Research into Embryos requires that embryo research be approved by a local ethics committee of the academic institute and the Federal Commission for medical and scientific research on embryos in vitro. The Commission rules with a two-thirds majority.<br /> <br /> Every embryo researcher sends a report on the progress of his/her research to the Commission. This report includes:<br /> * the purpose, methodology and time period of the research<br /> * the manner in which the provisions of the law were respected<br /> * the advice of the local ethics committee <br /> * the progress of the research<br /> <br /> The Commission also collects and centralizes information on the different projects on embryos in vitro, and issues recommendations for future legislative initiatives or other measures;<br /> |Accountability and governance=The Law on Research into Embryos requires that the Federal Commission for medical and scientific research on embryos in vitro reports to the legislative chambers.<br /> |History=Belgium was one of the last countries in the European Union to regulate PGD and embryo research by law. Until 1999, PGD was permitted unregulated without license.<br /> |External links=* European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology, [http://www.eshre.com/emc.asp?pageId=751 Belgian legislation]<br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Cuba 2008-08-25T18:38:44Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Cuba<br /> |image_flag=Cuba-flag.gif<br /> |Region=Latin America<br /> |Population=11,394,043<br /> |GDP=45,100<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=?<br /> |Eggs for research=?<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=?<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?<br /> |Reproductive cloning=PROHIBITED<br /> |Research cloning=regulated<br /> |Sex selection=?<br /> |Surrogacy=?<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=no<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> |Prohibited practices=Reproductive cloning is prohibited.<ref name=cgs>[http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=304 CGS Summary of National Policies],updated Nov. 3, 2007, accessed May 22, 2008</ref><br /> |Permitted and regulated practices=Research cloning is permitted.<ref name=cgs/><br /> }}<br /> == References ==<br /> <references/></div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire 2008-08-25T18:38:43Z

<p>Jreynolds: </p> <hr /> <div>{{Country<br /> |name=Côte d'Ivoire<br /> |image_flag=Côte_d'Ivoire_flag.jpg<br /> |Region=Africa<br /> |Population=18,013,409<br /> |GDP=19,598<br /> |Eggs for assisted reproduction=?<br /> |Eggs for research=?<br /> |Inheritable genetic modification=?<br /> |Preimplantation genetic diagnosis=?<br /> |Reproductive cloning=?<br /> |Research cloning=?<br /> |Sex selection=?<br /> |Surrogacy=?<br /> |1997 COE Biomedicine Convention=n/a<br /> |1998 COE Cloning Convention=n/a<br /> |2005 UN Cloning Vote=YES<br /> |2005 UNESCO Sports Doping Convention=RATIFIED<br /> |Treaty of Lisbon=n/a<br /> }}</div>

Jreynolds http://biopolicywiki.org/index.php?title=Main_Page 2008-08-14T21:24:43Z

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Jreynolds